\n\n“The war in Gaza marks the end of that era. X CEO Elon Musk has so profoundly undermined the functions that made Twitter useful in an international crisis that it is now counterproductive to turn to it if you hope to understand what\u2019s happening on the ground when news breaks around the world. Over the course of 10 years, X has evolved from indispensable to useless.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It\u2019s fitting that along with his other changes, Musk changed the name of the company. Literally and figuratively, we\u2019re witnessing the first post-Twitter major world conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Disinformation and misinformation proliferated on the platform prior to Musk\u2019s takeover. But the difference in degree is so significant now as to amount to a difference in kind. Almost every significant change Musk has made has reduced its value as a source of reliable information from and for people affected by a disaster, and every change, similarly, has increased its utility to malicious propagandists and scammers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When Musk arrived, he dissolved Twitter\u2019s Trust and Safety Council, the advisory group of some 100 independent civil, human rights and other organizations\u202fthat helped the company to combat misinformation, and fired its full-time Trust and Safety employees, including all but one member of the AI ethics team that monitored algorithmic amplification<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n He blew up the old verification system. A blue check once signified that the account belonged to someone whose identity had been confirmed and who fell under one of the following categories: government; companies, brands and organizations; news organizations and journalists; entertainment; sports and gaming; activists and organizers; content creators; and influential individuals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The prevalence on Twitter of verified journalists, academics, researchers and government sources made it possible, in a crisis, to quickly find reliable people who were on the ground and who could probably be trusted to report what they were seeing in reasonably good faith. Now, the blue checkmark signifies only that the owner has paid for it. When you buy a blue check, your posts go to the top of the search results and replies, irrespective of others\u2019 desire to see them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n X now pays users<\/a> based on the number of views they receive, creating a massive incentive to post sensationalistic and inflammatory lies. On-the-ground witnesses \u2014 and worse, people who need help <\/em>\u2014 can\u2019t reach their audiences unless they have a costly blue check mark and a willingness to compete with the most outrageous promoted content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Musk has stripped headlines and summaries off article previews. Images are no longer accompanied by context, making it that much easier to misunderstand them and that much less likely that users will read the article. Meanwhile, Musk promotes \u2014 directly, via his own<\/a> tweets and algorithmically<\/a> \u2014 conspiracy theorists, Russian war propagandists, hostile-state media, foreign and domestic extremists and engagement farmers who exploit pain and tragedy to gain followers.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n …<\/p>\n\n\n\n “A massive number of accounts posting images that purport to be from Gaza are in fact posting images from unrelated conflicts. These tweets have racked up millions of views and shares.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n …<\/p>\n\n\n\n “According to Cyabra, an Israeli analysis firm, pro-Hamas forces have launched<\/a> a coordinated influence operations campaign involving tens of thousands of fake profiles. As a result, one in five social media accounts participating in the conversation about the war in Gaza are fake. One in four pro-Hamas profiles are fake. It\u2019s not clear who is creating and using these fake profiles to spread disinformation, but it could be anyone from Russian internet trolls to antisemites to far-right hucksters who are eager to make a buck.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Accounts that were once clearly labeled as state-affiliated, such as that of Iran\u2019s Press TV, are no longer distinguished from others. In September, an\u202fEU report found<\/a>\u202fthat the \u201creach and influence\u201d of Kremlin-backed accounts on social media, and on X in particular, had increased in 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In another study, the EU found that disinformation was more easily found on X than on\u202fany other social media platform<\/a>. It also received more engagement than it did on any other platform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n That report found that X had the highest ratio of what the authors called \u201cdisinformation actors\u201d to real posts. \u201cThe average engagement with mis\/disinformation content found on X is 1.977 times as high as the average engagement with non-mis\/disinformation,\u201d the authors wrote. In other words, X users are twice as likely to engage with lies as the truth.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n …<\/p>\n\n\n\n “Meanwhile, good sources of information are leaving the platform. Many of the most useful voices are now gone. Reporters have fled, largely moving to Bluesky. But Bluesky can\u2019t replace X yet; its network is too small. You can use it to talk to other journalists, not so much to find sources or promote your work to your readers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To judge by the responses to the fake tweets, most people have no idea they\u2019re fake. Musk certainly doesn\u2019t. Recently, he recommended<\/a> (in a since-deleted tweet) that his followers follow two well-known disinformation accounts \u2014 one of them, for example, provides such helpful analysis as, \u201cThe overwhelming majority of people in the media and banks are zi0nists.\u201d When Musk suggests something like this, it is not just his 162 million followers who see it. You can mute him, but unless you do, everything Musk says is now forced into the timeline of every user of the platform, whether or not they follow him.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n …<\/p>\n\n\n\n “This state of affairs is massively deleterious to American national security. Members of Congress are as vulnerable to hostile disinformation as anyone else. One morning, I watched a number of Russian accounts, including that of former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev<\/a>, begin simultaneously to push out the line that Israel had been attacked with weapons the U.S. sent to Ukraine, which Israelis immediately denied. By afternoon, U.S. Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-Ga.) was asserting this as fact.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n …<\/p>\n\n\n\n “The degeneration of the quality of information on X means that journalists who are still on the platform waste far more time looking for the signal in the noise. They waste more time running down rumors. They are at greater risk of sharing fake information. They are doubtless absorbing narratives and framings from X shaped by disinformation, even if they\u2019re not sharing falsehoods.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n …<\/p>\n\n\n\n “At least in the short term, the market won\u2019t be able to solve this problem because Twitter\u2019s value to consumers was owed to its market dominance. Everyone used it. A number of competitors are now trying to fill the void, but because the microblogging market is now fractured, no company can play the central role Twitter played.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n