” In most rich countries, people don’t have to worry about sifting through a dozen different health plans — and they don’t live in fear of losing their health care after losing a job, and they receive more affordable, higher-quality care than Americans do. The paradox of the world’s wealthiest nation having one of the weakest health systems among developed nations has long been a vexing policy problem — without an easy solution.”
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“American health insurance, as we think of it today, started to take shape in the 1920s, as the medical profession was being standardized and modern hospitals were being built. Some employers started offering payments for hospital-based services as a perk for their workers. Companies had large groups of employees, some in good health and some in bad, to spread the risk and make the finances work much like modern-day insurance does.
This system soon became entrenched enough that President Franklin D. Roosevelt bypassed plans to include national health insurance as part of the New Deal. Then came World War II, along with government-mandated wage controls for employees in the private sector to keep the war machine moving. Barred from offering raises to motivate their workers, companies started pumping up their health benefits — and the government agreed to exempt those benefits both from wage controls and taxes.
By the 1950s, employer-sponsored insurance had become popular among those who received it and progressive labor unions urged the government to make the tax exemption permanent. Congress agreed, enshrining in 1954 the subsidy for company health plans in federal law. Doctors and hospitals, whose industry was growing into the leviathan that it is today, became accustomed to working with private insurers rather than with the government directly.
Today, these work-based health plans still cover roughly half of all Americans.”
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“The problem with the employer-based system was it left out too many people because they didn’t work or didn’t have a job that offered health insurance. To start filling in the gaps, in 1965, Congress created Medicare and Medicaid to cover two of the biggest groups of people who lacked coverage: seniors and people in poverty.
After that expansion, we had a system that covered most Americans — which made it hard to change, because people feared losing what they had.
Those fears, supported by the medical industry’s campaign against “socialized medicine,” doomed the health care overhauls proposed by presidents Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton that would have consolidated most Americans into a national insurance scheme. Certain tendencies in American culture — consumerism and trust in private markets — made it easier to persuade the public that they’d lose under a government-run health plan.
Meanwhile, the US health care system still had obvious holes. Rather than threaten the status quo, policymakers added new patches.
CHIP was approved in the 1990s, covering children of working-class families whose incomes were not low enough to get Medicaid. (Their parents, however, were often left without any coverage at all.) The 2010 Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, was designed to fill that gap by covering people who didn’t receive health insurance through their jobs but didn’t qualify for Medicaid.
Yet even after a half-dozen rounds of incremental health reform over five decades, about one in 12 people in the US lack health coverage and Americans are much more likely than people in other developed nations to say they skip medical care because of the cost.”
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“Other countries built their health care systems more deliberately.
After World War II, the United Kingdom sought to extend medical security to all its citizens, creating the National Health Service; many other European governments followed suit.
A half-century later, another wealthy island nation made the same choice. Taiwan, building a modern democracy after decades of authoritarian rule, scrapped a fractured, inequitable health system to set up a national insurance program that would cover everyone. It was a proclamation of solidarity after a tumultuous military dictatorship had come to an end.
Not all countries have opted for a single government program, but their systems are still simpler than America’s and cover the entire population. In 2006, the Netherlands opted to trade a dysfunctional two-tiered insurance system for a universal program that relied on private coverage but was nevertheless designed to insure everybody. The uninsured rate there today is less than 1 percent (some people opt out).
But the US? We’ve never paused to build a fairer, simpler, uniform health system.”
https://www.vox.com/explain-it-to-me/375082/us-health-insurance-plans-medicare-medicaid