Middle Class Welfare: The Pros and Cons of Employer Sponsored Health Insurance: Sources

What’s Wrong with Employer Sponsored Health Insurance

Ed Dolan. 11 6 2018. Niskanen Center.

The Real Reason the U.S. Has Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance

Aaron E. Carroll. 9 5 2017. New York Times.

Column: The health insurance tax exemption makes care more affordable, not less

Joseph White. 8 17 2017. PBS.

Reconnecting health care policy with economics: Finding & fixing distortive incentives

1 4 2018. American Enterprise Institute

Column: A tax reform President Trump should like, and you should too

Yevgeniy Feyman and Charles Blahous. 8 16 2017. PBS.

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/column-tax-reform-president-trump-like

Reform The ‘Cadillac Tax’ To Target Rich Benefits, Not High Costs

Joseph White. 3 16 2016. Health Affairs.

Rethinking the Affordable Care Act’s “Cadillac Tax”: A More Equitable Way to Encourage “Chevy” Consumption

Sarah Nowak and Christine Eibner. 12 18 2015. The Commonwealth Fund.

https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2015/dec/rethinking-affordable-care-acts-cadillac-tax-more-equitable-way?redirect_source=/publications/issue-briefs/2015/dec/aca-cadillac-tax

Is the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored insurance regressive?

Harold Pollack. 3 29 2017. The Incidental Economist.

Health Care Reform (U1025)

Milton Friedman. 1992. Free To Choose Network.

Tax Debate

Susan Jaffe. 7 9 2009. Health Affairs.

https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hpb20090709.191012/full/

Employer Premiums and the ACA

Lori Robertson. 3 14 2017. FactCheck.ORG

Trends in Employer Health Care Coverage, 2008–2018: Higher Costs for Workers and Their Families

Sara R. Collins, David C. Radley, and Jesse C. Baumgartner. 11 21 2019. The Commonwealth Fund.

https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/2019/nov/trends-employer-health-care-coverage-2008-2018

Government-Funded Health Insurance Is Essential for the Free Market’s Survival

Allan Golombek. 6 17 2019. RealClearMarkets.

https://www.realclearmarkets.com/articles/2019/06/17/government-funded_health_insurance_is_essential_for_the_free_markets_survival_103783.html

Why your employer-sponsored insurance may ultimately not be good for you

Dana Goldman. 9 9 2019. The Conversation.

https://theconversation.com/why-your-employer-sponsored-insurance-may-ultimately-not-be-good-for-you-121859

Job Lock and Employer-Provided Health Insurance:Evidence from the Literature

Dean Baker. 3 2015. AARP.

https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2015-03/JobLock-Report.pdf

Does non-employment based health insurance promote entrepreneurship? Evidence from a policy experiment in China

Lulu Liu and Yuting Zhang. 3 2018. Journal of Comparative Economics.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147596717300318

How Doctors Broke Health Care

Christy Ford Chapin. 5 2020. Reason Magazine.

Employer-Sponsored Insurance, Health Care Cost Growth, and the Economic Performance of U.S. Industries

Neeraj Sood, Arkadipta Ghosh, and José J Escarce. 10 2009. Health Services Research.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754542/

Perspective: Who Pays For Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance?

Linda J. Blumberg. 12 1999. HealthAffairs.

Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance and Health Reform

Th National Bureau of Economic Research.

https://www.nber.org/aginghealth/2009no2/w14839.html

Employer-sponsored health insurance isn’t going away. That’s a good thing

Rajaie Batniji. 9 4 2018. STAT.

The Decline of Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance

David Blumenthal. 12 5 2017. The Commonwealth Fund.

https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2017/decline-employer-sponsored-health-insurance

Employer-SponsoredHealth Insurance and thePromise of HealthInsurance Reform

Thomas C. Buchmueller and Alan C. Monheit. Summer 2009. Inquiry.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.5034/inquiryjrnl_46.02.187

Funding Employer-based Insurance: Regressive Taxation and Premium Exclusions

Zhigang Feng and Anne Villamil. 1 31 2018.

https://www.frbatlanta.org/~/media/Documents/research/seminars/2018/feng-051518.pdf

“U.S. employer-based health insurance (EHI) premiums are not subject to income or pay-roll taxes. This is regressive taxation because higher income individuals face higher marginaltax rates, which gives a higher EHI subsidy. We show this regressive policy mitigates mis-allocation between firm and self-employment from non-contractible heterogeneity in talent and health shocks. In our general equilibrium model, removing tax exclusion raises insurance premiums by 67%, coverage falls to 26.9%, and welfare decreases 1.9% due to reduced risk sharing and misallocation. If tax exclusion is extended to private insurance, coverage increases to 97.2%, workers’ taxes fall, and welfare increases 0.3%.”

Employment-based health insurance and misallocation: Implications for the macroeconomy

David Chivers, Zhigang Feng, and Anne Villamil. 1 2017. Review of Economic Dynamics.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094202516300278

“Most working-age Americans obtain health insurance through the workplace. U.S. law requires employers to use a common price, but the value of insurance varies with idiosyncratic health risk. Hence, linking employment and health insurance creates a wedge between the marginal cost and benefit of insurance. We study the impact of this wedge on occupational choice and welfare in a general equilibrium model. Agents face idiosyncratic health expenditure shocks, have heterogeneous managerial and worker productivity, and choose whether to be workers or entrepreneurs. First, we consider a private insurance indemnity policy that removes the link between employment and health insurance, so only ability matters for occupational choice. By construction, this is the most efficient policy. We find a welfare gain of 2.28% from decoupling health insurance and employment. Second, we tighten the link by increasing employment-based health insurance from the current U.S. level of 62% to 100%, and find a welfare loss of – 0.61%.”

Employment-based health insurance and aggregate labor supply

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268118302142

Zhigang Feng and Kai Zhao. 10 2018. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization.

“We find that the employment-based health insurance system provides Americans with an extra incentive to work and work full-time. In a calibrated version of the model, we assess the extent to which the different health insurance systems account for the differences in employment rate and full-time/part-time shares of workers between the U.S. and European countries. Our quantitative results suggest that the different health insurance systems can account for a significant fraction of the differences in employment rate and full-time/part-time shares of workers between the two regions. In addition, we find that the employment-based health insurance system is one of the reasons why many Americans work more than Europeans.”

EFFECTS OF HEALTH INSURANCE ON LABOUR SUPPLY

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Nga Le, Wim Groot, Sonila M. Tomini, and Florian Tomini. 7 1 2019. International Journal of Manpower.

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJM-02-2018-0038/full/html?journalCode=ijm&utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=International_Journal_of_Manpower_TrendMD_1&WT.mc_id=Emerald_TrendMD_1

file:///C:/Users/ajk13/AppData/Local/Temp/wp2017-017.pdf

Let them Have Choice: Gains from Shifting Away from Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance and Toward an Individual Exchange

Leemore Dafny, Katherine Ho, and Mauricio Varela. 1 2010. The National Bureau of Economic Research.

https://www.nber.org/papers/w15687

3.5 million workers likely lost their employer-provided health insurance in the past two weeks

Ben Zipperer and Josh Bivens. 4 2 2020. EPI.

Is There a Link Between Employer-Provided Health Insurance and Job Mobility? Evidence from Recent Micro Data

Benjamin W. Chute and Phanindra V. Wunnava. 4 2015. IZA.

http://ftp.iza.org/dp8989.pdf

Health care is getting more and more expensive, and low-wage workers are bearing more of the cost

Tara Golshan. 9 30 2019. Vox.

https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/9/30/20891305/health-care-employer-sponsored-premiums-cost-voxcare

Estimates Of Federal Tax Expenditures For Fiscal Years 2019-2023

Joint Committee on Taxation. 12 18 2019.

https://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=5238

What are the largest tax expenditures?

Tax Policy Center.

https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/what-are-largest-tax-expenditures

The Fetishization of Employer-Provided Health Care

Libby Watson. 9 27 2019. The New Republic.

https://newrepublic.com/article/155190/fetishization-employer-provided-health-care

Employer Health Insurance Versus Individual Plans

Medical Mutual.

https://www.medmutual.com/For-Individuals-and-Families/Health-Insurance-Education/Health-Insurance-Basics/Employer-vs-Individual-Health-Insurance.aspx

Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65: 2019 to 2029

CBO. 5 2019.

https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2019-05/55085-HealthCoverageSubsidies_0.pdf

How Can You Afford Health Insurance If You’re Not Subsidy-Eligible?

Louise Norris. 2 22 2020. Verywellhealth.

https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-can-you-afford-health-insurance-if-you-re-not-subsidy-eligible-4172180

Do 160 Million Americans Really Like Their Health Plans? Kind Of

Shefali Luthra. 11 21 2019. Kaiser Health News.

Satisfaction with employer-based coverage not guaranteed

Merrill Goozner. 1 25 2020. Modern Healthcare.

https://www.modernhealthcare.com/opinion-editorial/satisfaction-employer-based-coverage-not-guaranteed

Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65: 2019 to 2029

Congressional Budget Office. 5 2 2019.

https://www.cbo.gov/publication/55085

Myths vs. Facts on Employer Sponsored Health Care Coverage, James Gelfand

James Gelfand. 9 28 2017. The Alliance.

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