The Scientific Lie That Damaged Generations of Men

Wolves don’t actually have alpha males. That idea was based on a study of wolves forced together in a zoo. In nature, wolves live in families. The mother and father of a family aren’t best understood as “alphas”, they are best understood as the mother and father of a family. 

In Chimps, there isn’t just one dominant leader. The apparent alpha often does not lead in combat with other chimps, and the leader leads by cooperation and aid, not just force. 

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